Thì quá khứ hoàn thành trong tiếng Anh (Past Perfect) được sử dụng để chỉ hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ. Đây là cách thể hiện một chuỗi các sự kiện xảy ra theo thứ tự thời gian trong quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
Trước khi hành động "I arrived" xảy ra (hành động chính trong quá khứ), hành động "She had already eaten dinner" đã xảy ra trước đó.
By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (Đến khi chúng tôi đến rạp chiếu phim, bộ phim đã bắt đầu.)
Hành động "the film had already started" xảy ra trước khi chúng tôi đến rạp chiếu phim (hành động chính trong quá khứ).
He realized he had forgotten his keys after he had locked the door. (Anh ấy nhận ra anh ấy đã quên chìa khóa sau khi anh ấy đã khóa cửa.)
Hành động "he had forgotten his keys" xảy ra trước hành động "he locked the door" (hành động chính trong quá khứ).
Các bạn có thể xem công thức thì quá khứ hoàn thành trong hình ảnh dưới đây:
Ví dụ: She had graduated before she applied to this company. (Cô ấy đã tốt nghiệp trước khi xin vào công ty này).
Ví dụ: When Nam came home, everything had been done. (Khi Nam về đến nhà, mọi thứ đã xong).
Ví dụ: Anne had studied very hard for this subject and was ready to lecture. (Anne đã nghiên cứu rất kỹ về chủ đề này và sẵn sàng để thuyết trình).
Ví dụ: If I had known that, I would have agreed to the offer. (Nếu tôi biết điều đó tôi đã đồng ý với lời đề nghị rồi).
Ví dụ: Mary had worked at this company for five years before she went to her hometown last year. (Mary đã làm việc tại công ty này 5 năm trước khi cô ấy về quê năm ngoái).
Lưu ý: Khi diễn tả một sự kiện đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, bạn không nên sử dụng thì quá khứ hoàn thành để tránh gây khó hiểu cho người nghe hoặc người đọc. Vì khi bạn dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành, người nghe sẽ kỳ vọng được biết thêm về những sự kiện liên quan đã xảy ra.
Những thông tin liên quan đó có thể là hệ quả của sự kiện đã xảy ra trước đó, hoặc chuỗi hành động và sự kiện đã diễn ra sau vế bạn sử dụng thì quá khứ hoàn thành.
Do đó, trong trường hợp muốn diễn tả một sự kiện đơn lẻ đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, bạn chỉ nên dùng thì quá khứ đơn là đủ.
Ví dụ:
• I had washed the clothes. (Tôi đã giặt đồ.) => người nghe sẽ kỳ vọng hành động giặt đồ diễn ra khi nào, trước đó hay sau đó còn hành động gì nữa?
Thay vì chia quá khứ hoàn thành, bạn hãy dùng quá khứ đơn:
• I washed the clothes. (Tôi đã giặt đồ.)
• I bought that dress. (Tôi đã mua chiếc váy đó.)
Đề nhận biết thì quá khứ hoàn thành, chúng ta có thể thông qua một số từ sau:
| Từ dấu hiệu | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| after | She cleaned the house after she had cooked dinner. |
| before | They left before I had arrived. |
| once | Once he had finished his homework, he went out to play. |
| by the time | By the time I got to the party, everyone had already left. |
| as soon as | As soon as she had finished her work, she went home. |
| by | By the time he reached the station, the train had already left. |
| until | She stayed there until she had finished her work. |
| when | When I arrived, they had already started the meeting. |
| by the end of | By the end of the day, he had completed all the tasks. |
| Thì quá khứ hoàn thành | Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn |
|---|---|
| – Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra và đã kết thúc trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ. – Diễn tả hành động trước một thời gian xác định trong quá khứ. – Sử dụng trong câu điều kiện không có thật (câu điều kiện loại 3). | – Diễn tả một hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, kéo dài và tiếp diễn tới một thời điểm cụ thể trong quá khứ. – Diễn tả hành động đã kết thúc nhưng còn tác động lên một hành động khác ở quá khứ. |
| Cấu trúc: had + past participle | Cấu trúc: am/is/are + V-ing |
| Ví dụ: | Ví dụ: |
| She had already finished her work when he arrived. | They are studying for their exams this week. |
| By the time they arrived, she had already eaten lunch. | He is playing football with his friends right now. |
| I had never seen that movie before last night. | She is reading a book at the moment. |
Lưu ý:
Khi phân biệt, quan trọng là nhìn vào thời điểm hành động xảy ra (trước một thời điểm cụ thể trong quá khứ hay tại thời điểm nói) và sự kết hợp với các từ dẫn vào thời gian (như "when", "by the time" cho Past Perfect và "now", "at the moment" cho Present Continuous).
Bài 1: Hoàn thành câu
1. When Hoa arrived at the theater, the film ____________(start).
2. He ____________ (live) in Laos before He went to Vietnam.
3. After Lan ____________ (eat) the cake, Lan began to feel sick.
4. If he ____________ (listen) to me, he would have got the job.
5. Linh didn’t arrive until I ____________ (leave).
6. After they ____________ (finish) lunch, they went out.
7. The tree was dead because it ____________ (be) arid all summer.
8. I ____________ (meet) him somewhere before.
9. They were late for the flight because they ____________ (forget) their passports.
10. Linh told me she ____________ (study) a lot before the exam.
Bài 2: Tìm và sửa lỗi sai (nếu có)
1. I had finished lunch before my parents come.
2. By the time I had found the key, I hadn’t got into the house.
3. Up until that moment, my younger sister never believed in love.
4. Sunny ate dinner so she wasn’t hungry.
5. When Bob graduated in university, he was in New York for 5 years.
6. She wishes her friends didn’t go to bed so early.
7. My boyfriend didn’t meet me when I arrived.
Bài 3: Hoàn thành câu.
1. I was exhausted at the end of the test. I (write) ____________ for over three hours.
2. When thieves stole my favourite leather wallet, I was really upset. I (have) ____________ it for over five years.
3. Please step out of the truck, Mr.Đạt. Do you realise you (drive) ____________ at over 100mph?
4. We didn’t really want to go and see the film again. We (already see) ____________ it twice – so we said “no” and we went to a shopping mall instead!
5. I arrived over two hours late to the office and everyone in my company was working. Actually, they (work) ____________ for over three hours on the new project and I felt really guilty.
6. The kitchen was full of pans when we arrived. Loan was in the kitchen and she (cook) ____________ a big meal for everyone at the party.
7. It was a bit discomfiture to arrive at their house and find Linh looking so depressed. I think she (cry) ____________ before I got there.
8. No-one even noticed when he got home. They (all watch) ____________ the favorite show on television.
Bài 4: Cho dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc
1. By the time you came, I _______ (have) lunch.
2. Dean _______ (not/sleep) yet when his mother entered his room.
3. His little brother _______ (already/brush) his teeth, so he didn’t eat cookies.
4. If Della _______ (inform) me about the event, I would have taken part in.
5. _______ (you/drink) a glass of milk before meal?
6. Why _______ (you/not/leave) a message when you went out?
7. They weren’t there because they _______ (be) at the stadium.
8. _______ (you/visit) this place before you went here?
9. If they _______ (not/act) like that, we would not have argued with them.
10. When we arrived, he _______ (just/write) a letter to her girlfriend.
Bài 5: Hoàn thành các câu sau sử dụng từ cho trước
1. You went to Suc's house, but she wasn't there. (she/ go/ out)
………………………………………………………………………………
2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn't the same asbefore. (it/ change/ a lot)
………………………………………………………………………………
3. I invited Rachel to the party, but she couldn't come. (she/ arrange/ to do something else)
……………………………………………………………………………
4. You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late. (the film/ already/ begin)
………………………………………………………………………………
5. It was nice to see Dan again after such a long time. (I/ not/ see/ him for five years)
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. I offered Sue something to eat, but she wasn't hungry. (she/ just/ have breakfast)
…………………………………………………………………………………
Bài 1:
1. had started
2. had lived
3. had eaten
4. had listened
5. had left
6. had finished
7. had been
8. had met
9. had forgotten
10. had studied
Bài 2:
1. come ⇒ came
2. had found ⇒ found
3. never believed ⇒ had never believed
4. ate ⇒ had eaten
5. was ⇒ had been
6. didn’t go ⇒ hadn’t gone
7. didn’t meet ⇒ hadn’t met
Bài 3:
1. had been writing.
2. had had.
3. were driving.
4. had already seen.
5. had been working.
6. was cooking.
7. had been crying.
8. were all watching.
Bài 4:
1. had had
2. hadn’t slept
3. had already brushed
4. had informed
5. Had you drunk
6. hadn’t you left
7. had been
8. Had you visited
9. hadn’t acted
10. had just written
Bài 5:
1. She had gone out
2. It had changed a lot
3. She’d arranged to do something else
4. The film had already begun
5. I hadn’t seen him for five years
6. She’just had breakfast
